Diagnosis Of Cell Carcinoma Research Articles

MUC1 promotes cervical squamous cell carcinoma through ERK phosphorylation-mediated regulation of ITGA2/ITGA3

In contrast to the decreasing trends in developed countries, the incidence and mortality rates of cervical squamous cell carcinoma in China have increased significantly. The screening and identification of reliable biomarkers and candidate drug targets for cervical squamous cell carcinoma are urgently needed to improve the survival rate and quality of life of patients. In this study, we demonstrated that the expression of MUC1 was greater in neoplastic tissues than in non-neoplastic tissues of the cervix, and cervical squamous cell carcinoma patients with high MUC1 expression had significantly worse overall survival than did those with low MUC1 expression, indicating its potential for early diagnosis of cervical squamous cell carcinoma. Next, we explored the regulatory mechanism of MUC1 in cervical squamous cell carcinoma. MUC1 could upregulate ITGA2 and ITGA3 expression via ERK phosphorylation, promoting the proliferation and metastasis of cervical cancer cells. Further knockdown of ITGA2 and ITGA3 significantly inhibited the tumorigenesis of cervical cancer cells. Moreover, we designed a combination drug regimen comprising MUC1-siRNA and a novel ERK inhibitor in vivo and found that the combination of these drugs achieved better results in animals with xenografts than did MUC1 alone. Overall, we discovered a novel regulatory pathway, MUC1/ERK/ITGA2/3, in cervical squamous cell carcinoma that may serve as a potential biomarker and therapeutic target in the future.

Challenging Diagnosis of Basal Cell Carcinoma: A Case Report Emphasizing the Clinical Utility of Dermoscopy

Challenging Diagnosis of Basal Cell Carcinoma: A Case Report Emphasizing the Clinical Utility of Dermoscopy

Insights into metastatic roadmap of head and neck cancer squamous cell carcinoma based on clinical, histopathological and molecular profiles.

The incidence of head and neck cancer (HNC), constituting approximately one in ten cancer cases worldwide, affects approximately 644,000 individuals annually. Managing this complex disease involves various treatment modalities such as systemic therapy, radiation, and surgery, particularly for patients with locally advanced disease. HNC treatment necessitates a multidisciplinary approach due to alterations in patients' genomes affecting their functionality. Predominantly, squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs), the majority of HNCs, arise from the upper aerodigestive tract epithelium. The epidemiology, staging, diagnosis, and management techniques of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), encompassing clinical, image-based, histopathological and molecular profiling, have been extensively reviewed. Lymph node metastasis (LNM) is a well-known predictive factor for HNSCC that initiates metastasis and significantly impacts HNSCC prognosis. Distant metastasis (DM) in HNSCC has been correlated to aberrant expression of cancer cell-derived cytokines and growth factors triggering abnormal activation of several signaling pathways that boost cancer cell aggressiveness. Recent advances in genetic profiling, understanding tumor microenvironment, oligometastatic disease, and immunotherapy have revolutionized treatment strategies and disease control. Future research may leverage genomics and proteomics to identify biomarkers aiding individualized HNSCC treatment. Understanding the molecular basis, genetic landscape, atypical signaling pathways, and tumor microenvironment have enhanced the comprehension of HNSCC molecular etiology. This critical review sheds light on regional and distant metastases in HNSCC, presenting major clinical and laboratory features, predictive biomarkers, and available therapeutic approaches.

Complete Response to Immunotherapy Using Pembrolizumab in a Patient With Conjunctival Squamous Cell Carcinoma With Nodal Metastasis.

A 92-year-old woman presented with a large bulbar conjunctival mass in the OD. She also had a palpable parotid mass which on fine needle aspiration biopsy confirmed to be metastatic squamous cell carcinoma. The conjunctival mass was biopsied to confirm the diagnosis of squamous cell carcinoma with positive programmed cell death ligand 1 expression and a high tumor mutation burden. She was treated with pembrolizumab and had complete resolution of the conjunctival mass and the associated parotid metastasis after just 2 cycles of treatment. This case underscores the promising role of immune checkpoint inhibitors in the treatment of conjunctival squamous cell carcinoma, especially when surgery is associated with significant ocular morbidity, in patients who may not be good surgical candidates, or in patients with metastasis.

Adequacy of Surgery of Head and Neck Cancers

Objective: To assess the proportion of adequate surgery in head and neck cancers. Study Design: Prospective longitudinal study. Place and Duration of Study: Medical Oncology Department, Jinnah Postgraduate Medical Center, Karachi Pakistan, from Jan to Dec 2020. Methodology: One fifty-nine patients aged over 20-65 years, of either gender with a confirmed diagnosis of squamous cell carcinoma of the Head and neck were included. Surgery was performed upfront in all patients without any preoperative/ induction chemotherapy. Data regarding socio-demographic and histopathology findings were noted. Surgery was labelled as inadequate when the number of resected lymph nodes recovered was less than 36, and the margins of the tumour were <5 mm (inadequate). Results: Of 159 patients, the average age was 46.57±9.73 years. Less than 36 lymph nodes were recovered in 84 patients (52.8%) after neck dissection. A total of 64 patients had inadequate margins (40.3%), 77 had adequate margins (48.4%), and 18 had positive margins (11.3%) on histopathological examination. Overall, 56 patients had adequate surgery (35.2%), and 103 had inadequate surgery (64.7%). Conclusion: More than half of the patients with Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma had inadequate surgery. Hence, inadequate surgery can lead to poor loco-regional disease control, increased chances of recurrence and overall poor prognosis.

Primary Renal Squamous Cell Carcinoma Incidentaly Discovred in a Non-Functioning Lithiasis Kidney: A Case Report

Introduction: Primary squamous cell carcinoma of the kidney is a rare tumor with a poor prognosis. It often occurs on a lithiasis kidney. Observation: We report a case of a 62-year-old patient admitted for left back pain associated with lower urinary tract symptomes with fever. Clinical examination revealed tenderness of the left lumbar fossa. Radiological examinations showed left ureterohydronephrosis, with the presence of a left kidney stone. A left radical nephrectomy was performed showing the presence of a neoplasm measuring 7cm with on histological examination a moderately differentiated and infiltrating squamous cell carcinoma. Conclusion: The diagnosis of squamous cell carcinoma of the kidney must be evoked in the first place in front of any renal mass with notion of kidney stones.

A case of acinar cell carcinoma originating from the accessory papilla of the duodenum

Case presentationA 61-year-old female was referred to our hospital with a neoplastic lesion in the duodenum. Computed tomography with contrast enhancement revealed a 10-mm tumor in the duodenum. Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy revealed a submucosal tumor-like lesion in the descending part of the duodenum. Endoscopic ultrasound revealed a well-defined hypoechoic tumor. Biopsy and immunohistochemical findings including negative Synaptophysin and Chromogranin A staining and positive Trypsin and BCL10 staining suggested a carcinoma with acinar cell differentiation. Pancreatoduodenectomy was performed, and the resected specimen had a 15-mm solid nodule in the submucosal layer of the duodenum. Pancreatogram of the resected specimen revealed a tumor localized in the accessory papilla region. In histopathological examination, the tumor was found in the submucosa of the duodenum with pancreatic tissue present nearby, and these were separated from the pancreatic parenchyma by the duodenal muscle layer. These findings led to a diagnosis of acinar cell carcinoma originating from the accessory papilla of the duodenum.ConclusionAcinar cell carcinoma originating from the accessory papilla of the duodenum is exceptionally rare, with no reported cases to date. The origin was considered to be pancreatic tissue located in the accessory papilla region.

Delay in Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma Diagnosis Due to Interrupted Services Is Associated with Worse Prognoses and Modified Surgical Approaches.

The delayed diagnosis of skin tumors is associated with a worsened prognosis. The impact of the interruption of clinical and surgical health services during the COVID-19 pandemic lockdowns has been documented among many pathologies. The impact of delayed diagnoses on patients with cutaneous squamous cell carcinomas (cSCCs) is poorly defined. To compare patient and lesion characteristics and the surgical management of excised cSCCs prior to the pandemic shutdown of services (2018-2019) with the phase following the pandemic's second wave (2021-2022). An observational, single-center, cross-sectional study of 416 surgically excised cSCCs over the course of two years was performed. Only patients with histologically confirmed cSCC were enrolled. Data collection included patient demographics and lesion characteristics, time to surgery, surgical approach, and histological data. More cSCC lesions were excised prior to the interruption of services (n = 312 vs. n = 186). Lesions were significantly larger (1.7 ± 1.2 vs. 2.1 ± 1.5 cm; p = 0.006) and more invasive (52% vs. 89%; p < 0.001), in the period 2021-2022. Surgical reconstructive techniques were significantly different (p = 0.001). Metastatic involvement was confirmed in three subjects (one in 2018-2019 and two in 2021-2022). There were no significant differences in the time to surgery or patient characteristics. Multivariable regression analysis identified a 4.7-times higher risk of tumor invasion (OR 4.69, 95%CI 2.55-8.16, p < 0.001), a two-times higher chance of dermo-epidermal grafts (OR 2.06, 95%CI 1.09-3.88, p = 0.025), and a 3.2-times higher risk of positive surgical margins (OR 3.21, 95%CI 1.44-7.17, p = 0.004). Diagnostic delays of cutaneous SCCs associated with reduced patient access to clinical and diagnostic services are associated with a 4.7-times increased risk of more severe invasion, a three-times increased risk of positive surgical margins, and a significant impact on surgical management, compared to the pre-pandemic period. Comparable patient cohort characteristics and time to surgery remained unchanged.

Macrophages: plastic participants in the diagnosis and treatment of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma.

Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) rank among the most prevalent types of head and neck cancer globally. Unfortunately, a significant number of patients receive their diagnoses at advanced stages, limiting the effectiveness of available treatments. The tumor microenvironment (TME) is a pivotal player in HNSCC development, with macrophages holding a central role. Macrophages demonstrate diverse functions within the TME, both inhibiting and facilitating cancer progression. M1 macrophages are characterized by their phagocytic and immune activities, while M2 macrophages tend to promote inflammation and immunosuppression. Striking a balance between these different polarization states is essential for maintaining overall health, yet in the context of tumors, M2 macrophages typically prevail. Recent efforts have been directed at controlling the polarization states of macrophages, paving the way for novel approaches to cancer treatment. Various drugs and immunotherapies, including innovative treatments based on macrophages like engineering macrophages and CAR-M cell therapy, have been developed. This article provides an overview of the roles played by macrophages in HNSCC, explores potential therapeutic targets and strategies, and presents fresh perspectives on the future of HNSCC treatment.

Risk factors for head and neck squamous cell carcinoma in disease pathogenesis and prognosis: the importance of smoking cessation and the concept of harm reduction

   Introduction. Cigarette smoking along with alcohol consumption, infection with human papilloma (HPV) and the Epstein–Barr viruses, is one of the main risk factors for head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. It can also contribute to virus-associated carcinogenesis and affect the clinical and prognostic features of the tumor. Continued smoking at diagnosis of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma is a negative prognostic factor and contributes to reduced patient survival rates.   Aim. To analyze the smoking status and the effect of etiopathogenesis on molecular and clinical features in patients with oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OpSCC).   Materials and methods. In patients with OPSCC, the smoking status and the level of motivation to its cessation were clarified. Immunohistochemical analysis of tumor sections from paraffin blocks from the ThermoScentific immunohis-tosteiner was performed using monoclonal antibodies to estrogen receptors α (ERα), programmed death-ligand 1 (pD-L1), Bcl-2, p53 and p16. The percentage of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) in the stromal component of the tumor (hematoxylin and eosin staining) was also analyzed.   Results. Of 113 patients with OpSCC, 80 % of patients were current smokers, including 75 % of patients with Hpv-positive tumor status. men with OpSCC were statistically significantly more likely to smoke than women (p = 0.001), as were men with Hpv-positive tumor (p = 0.015). Smoking patients were characterized by a larger size of the primary tumor (T3–4), including those with Hpv (p = 0.015). positive Hpv status of the tumor is associated with autoimmune diseases (autoimmune thyroiditis, psoriasis) (p ˂ 0.05). A high level of TILs is characteristic of smokers, including those with p16+-status (p ˂0.05), but not for all patients with this status. The positive expression of ERα is associated with p16+-status, and the latter is associated with the absence of p53 expression (p ˂0.05). During conservative therapy, tumor regression is associated with the primary tumor size T1–2, p16 + status, female sex, age less than 55 years, TILs level ≥ 57.5 %, pD-L1 expression levels on tumor cells ≥2.2 %, Bcl-2 ≥5 % and ERα ≥65 % (p ˂ 0.05). At the same time, quality of good predictive model for tumor regression showed a TILs level of ≥57.5 % (area under curve, AuC) 0.796; sensitivity 78.6 %; specificity 75 %) and ERα (AuC 0.725; sensitivity 65 %; specificity 83 %). The level of motivation to quit smoking ranged from 1 to 7 points according the 10-point motivation scale in 89 % of respondents. Only 10 patients were ready to quit smoking immediately (10 points on the motivation scale).   Conclusion. Molecular heterogeneity of OPSCC was revealed, including in the group of p16+-tumors. Correlation of clinical and molecular parameters with response to conservative therapy can be used in planning of primary therapy and earlier use of surgical treatment. The level of motivation to quit smoking in patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck may be increased by drawing attention to the problem at each doctor’s appointment as well as by informing about how to quit smoking and therapeutic approaches. In unmotivated patients, the concept of reducing the harm of smoking can be used involving the replacement of cigarettes with electronic tobacco heating systems, eliminating the carcinogenic effect of its combustion products.

Outcomes of thyroidectomy for secondary thyroid malignancies, a single center experience

BackgroundMetastasis of primary malignancies of other organs to the thyroid gland is a rare condition that may pose a diagnostic challenge. In this study, we aimed to report the clinicopathologic features and outcomes of patients treated for secondary thyroid malignancies in our center.Materials and methodsThe results of patients who underwent thyroidectomy in our clinic between 2015 and 2023 were evaluated retrospectively. Four patients who met the inclusion criteria were evaluated.ResultsThe primary tumor was renal cell carcinoma in 2 patients and squamous cell carcinoma of the lung in 2 patients. Median age was 64 years (min:59–max:69). The median nodule diameter was 2.85 cm. Extrathyroidal spread was present in 1 patient with renal cell carcinoma metastasis. The other patient with renal cell carcinoma metastasis had lymphatic invasion. Vascular invasion was detected in 1 patient with renal cell carcinoma metastasis and 1 patient with squamous cell carcinoma of the lung metastasis. Surgical margin positivity was present in 1 patient in each group. The median overall survival time was 27 (min:10–max:44) months in the renal cell carcinoma group and 11 (min:6–max:16) months in the squamous cell carcinoma group. After the diagnosis of primary renal cell carcinoma, one patient metastasized to thyroid tissue 43.00 and one patient 94.00 months later. In the squamous cell carcinoma group, one patient showed metastasis to thyroid tissue 6.00 months after the primary diagnosis, while the other patient was first diagnosed with metastatic tissue.ConclusionsMetastasis to the thyroid gland is a rare phenomenon with an incidence of 0.22% in all thyroid malignancies. It may occur before the detection of the primary tumor or during the follow-up of the primary malignancy. Although the overall prognosis is poor, it can be treated surgically.

Impact of Synchronous versus Metachronous Metastasis on Outcomes in Patients with Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma Treated with First-line Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor–based Combinations

Background and objectiveThe impact of time of metastasis onset with respect toprimary renal cell carcinoma (RCC) diagnosis on survival outcomes is not well characterized in the era of immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI)-based combinations. Herein, we assessed differences in clinical outcomes between synchronous and metachronous metastatic RCC (mRCC). MethodsData for patients with mRCC treated with first-line ICI-based combination therapies between 2014 and 2023 were retrospectively collected. Patients were categorized as having synchronous metastasis if present within 3 mo of RCC diagnosis; metachronous metastasis was defined as metastasis >3 mo after primary diagnosis. Time to treatment failure (TTF), overall survival (OS), and the disease control rate (DCR) were assessed. Key findings and limitationsOur analysis included 223 eligible patients (126 synchronous and 97 metachronous). Median TTF did not significantly differ between the synchronous and metachronous groups (9 vs 19.8 mo; p = 0.063). Median OS was significantly shorter in the synchronous group (28.0 vs 50.9 mo; p = 0.001). Similarly, patients with synchronous metachronous metastasis (58.7% vs. 78.4%; p = 0.002). On multivariable analyses, synchronous metastasis remained independently associated with worse OS and DCR. Conclusions and clinical implicationsIn this hypothesis-generating study, patients with mRCC with synchronous metastasis who were treated with first-line ICI-based combinations have a poorer OS and worse DCR than those with metachronous mRCC. If these results are externally validated, time to metastasis could be included in prognostic models for mRCC. Patient summaryOur study demonstrates that patients treated with current first-line immunotherapies, who present with metastasis at the initial diagnosis of kidney cancer have worse overall survival compared to those who develop metastasis later. These results can help physicians and patients understand life expectancy.

Maxillary interim obturator prosthesis fabrication for a patient with limited mouth opening with a digital approach: A clinical report.

Squamous cell carcinoma is a common malignant condition affecting the oral cavity and may involve the surrounding maxillofacial regions. Treatment commonly involves resection of the tumor, followed by prosthetic rehabilitation of the resectiondefect. This clinical report presents a 62-year-old Asian male patient who had previously undergone surgical resection, resulting in a post-surgical Aramany Class II maxillary defect. The patient's medical history included severe trismus, characterized by restricted mouth opening, as well as a diagnosis of maxillary sinus verrucous squamous cell carcinoma. This report provides a comprehensive account of the rapid fabrication of an interim obturator using digitally assisted dentistry techniques.

Diagnosis of invasive cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma, imaging and staging.

The assessment of patients with a lesion raising the suspicion of an invasive cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) is a frequent clinical scenario. The management of patients with cSCC is a multistep approach, starting with the correct diagnosis. The two main diagnostic goals are to differentiate from other possible diagnoses and correctly recognize the lesion as cSCC, and then to determine the tumor spread (perform staging), that is if the patient has a common primary cSCC or a locally advanced cSCC, or a metastatic cSCC (with in-transit, regional lymph nodal, or rarely distant metastasis). The multistep diagnostic approach begins with the clinical characteristics of the primary cSCC, it is complemented with features with dermoscopy and, if available, reflectance confocal microscopy and is confirmed with histopathology. The tumor spread is assessed by physical examination and, in some cases, ultrasound and/or computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging, mainly to investigate for regional lymph node metastasis or for local infiltration into deeper structures. In the last step, the clinical, histologic and radiologic findings are incorporated into staging systems.

Nivolumab with or without ipilimumab in patients with recurrent or metastatic cervical cancer (CheckMate 358): a phase 1–2, open-label, multicohort trial

In preliminary findings from the recurrent or metastatic cervical cancer cohort of CheckMate 358, nivolumab showed durable anti-tumour responses, and the combination of nivolumab plus ipilimumab showed promising clinical activity. Here, we report long-term outcomes from this cohort. CheckMate 358 was a phase 1-2, open-label, multicohort trial. The metastatic cervical cancer cohort enrolled patients from 30 hospitals and cancer centres across ten countries. Female patients aged 18 years or older with a histologically confirmed diagnosis of squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix with recurrent or metastatic disease, an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status of 0 or 1, and up to two previous systemic therapies were enrolled into the nivolumab 240 mg every 2 weeks group, the randomised groups (nivolumab 3 mg/kg every 2 weeks plus ipilimumab 1 mg/kg every 6 weeks [NIVO3 plus IPI1] or nivolumab 1 mg/kg every 3 weeks plus ipilimumab 3 mg/kg every 3 weeks for four cycles then nivolumab 240 mg every 2 weeks [NIVO1 plus IPI3]), or the NIVO1 plus IPI3 expansion group. All doses were given intravenously. Patients were randomly assigned (1:1) to NIVO3 plus IPI1 or NIVO1 plus IPI3 via an interactive voice response system. Treatment continued until disease progression, unacceptable toxicity, or consent withdrawal, or for up to 24 months. The primary endpoint was investigator-assessed objective response rate. Anti-tumour activity and safety were analysed in all treated patients. This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT02488759) and is now completed. Between October, 2015, and March, 2020, 193 patients were recruited in the recurrent or metastatic cervical cancer cohort of CheckMate 358, of whom 176 were treated. 19 patients received nivolumab monotherapy, 45 received NIVO3 plus IPI1, and 112 received NIVO1 plus IPI3 (45 in the randomised group and 67 in the expansion group). Median follow-up times were 19·9 months (IQR 8·2-44·8) with nivolumab, 12·6 months (7·8-37·1) with NIVO3 plus IPI1, and 16·7 months (7·2-27·5) with pooled NIVO1 plus IPI3. Objective response rates were 26% (95% CI 9-51; five of 19 patients) with nivolumab, 31% (18-47; 14 of 45 patients) with NIVO3 plus IPI1, 40% (26-56; 18 of 45 patients) with randomised NIVO1 plus IPI3, and 38% (29-48; 43 of 112 patients) with pooled NIVO1 plus IPI3. The most common grade 3-4 treatment-related adverse events were diarrhoea, hepatic cytolysis, hyponatraemia, pneumonitis, and syncope (one [5%] patient each; nivolumab group), diarrhoea, increased gamma-glutamyl transferase, increased lipase, and vomiting (two [4%] patients each; NIVO3 plus IPI1 group), and increased lipase (nine [8%] patients) and anaemia (seven [6%] patients; pooled NIVO1 plus IPI3 group). Serious treatment-related adverse events were reported in three (16%) patients in the nivolumab group, 12 (27%) patients in the NIVO3 plus IPI1 group, and 47 (42%) patients in the pooled NIVO1 plus IPI3 group. There was one treatment-related death due to immune-mediated colitis in the NIVO1 plus IPI3 group. Nivolumab monotherapy and nivolumab plus ipilimumab combination therapy showed promise in the CheckMate 358 study as potential treatment options for recurrent or metastatic cervical cancer. Future randomised controlled trials of nivolumab plus ipilimumab or other dual immunotherapy regimens are warranted to confirm treatment benefit in this patient population. Bristol Myers Squibb and Ono Pharmaceutical.

Enhanced laser-induced fluorescence and Raman spectroscopy with gold nanoparticles for the diagnosis of oral squamous cell carcinoma

BackgroundThe incidence, mortality, and recurrence rates of oral cancer are high worldwide. It is a common and aggressive type of tumor. Owing to the challenges associated with early illness diagnosis, squamous cell carcinoma, a kind that is prevalent of oral cancer, has an unacceptably high fatality rate. The management of the condition and the prevention of cancer, on the other hand, depend greatly on early detection. Therefore, alternative methods for the treatment and early diagnosis are essential for oral cancer. The detection of tongue squamous cell carcinoma is aided by coupled surface plasmon resonance, which can occur in gold nanoparticles (AuNPs). Compared to the currently utilized imaging contrast chemicals, AuNPs are more biocompatible and capable of targeting specific surface molecules. In the current study, AuNPs were synthesized in one step via citrate reduction and applied to tongue samples of a Caucasian man's Homo sapiens (Squamous cell carcinoma from ATCC cell-lines) in order to improve early detection using and laser-induced fluorescence and Raman spectroscopy.ResultsUV–visible spectroscopy, Zeta potential, TEM, and FTIR spectroscopic technique were used to characterize the synthesized nanoparticles. The synthesized AuNPs measured 13 ± 3 nm with uniform size distribution and high stability. Results demonstrate the significance of AuNPs in improving the identification of tongue squamous cell carcinoma.ConclusionObtained results revealed that the use of AuNPs modifies the emitted spectra in the two employed spectroscopic techniques and provides more significant receiver operating characteristic curve parameters, hence a higher detection rate of cancer.

Screening of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma Through Color Intensity-Based Textural Features.

Background Early screening and diagnosis of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) has always been a major challenge for pathologists. Artificial intelligence (AI)-assisted screening tools can serve as an adjunct for the objective interpretation of Papanicolaou (PAP)-stained oral smears. Aim This study aimed to develop a handy and sensitive computer-assisted AItool based on color-intensity textural features to be applied to cytologic images for screening and diagnosis of OSCC. Methodology The study included two groups consisting of 80 OSCC subjects and 80 control groups. PAP-stained smears were collected from both groups. The smears were analyzed in Matlab software computed data and color intensity-based textural features such as entropy, contrast, energy, homogeneity, and correlation,were quantitatively extracted. Results In this study, a statistically significant difference was noted for entropy, energy, correlation, contrast, and homogeneity. It was found that entropy and contrast were found to be higher with a decrease in homogeneity, correlation, and energy in OSCC when compared to the control group. Receiver operating characteristiccurve analysis was done and accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity were found to be 88%, 91%, and 81%, respectively. Conclusion The gray-level co-occurrence matrix (GLCM) color intensity-based textural features play a significant role in differentiating dysplastic and normal cells in the diagnosis of OSCC. Computer-aided textural analysis has the potential to aid in the early detection of oral cancer, which can lead to improved clinical outcomes.

Study of p40 is superior to p63 for the diagnosis of pulmonary squamous cell carcinoma on cytological smears

Background: Histology and genetically driven management are the current standard in carcinoma lung. Adequate tissue is a challenge in a few cases. While liquid biopsy is an, it’s an always preferred to get an initial cyto/histo morphological confirmation. While the immune-histo chemistry (IHC) is a proven method to differentiate the squamous vs adeno carcinoma, the role of various “immuno-cyto-chemical” makers were not studied widely. Methods: This is a retrospective (July 2018 to December 2018) for random sample collection and prospective (Jan 2019-August 2019) study conducted from in the Department of pathology, govt. chest hospital Osmania medical college, Hyderabad as a part of PG dissertation, 120 subjects with cytological diagnosis of non-small cell lung carcinoma were analyzed during this period and others were excluded. Results: Out of 120 cases 80-adenocarcinoma (ADC) and 40-squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). Most of the patients are in 61-70 years, 20 are 71-80 years, 20 between 51-60 and 10 are between 40-50 years. In this study sensitivity of p63 and p40 is equal, but specificity and positive predictive value are higher for p40 for diagnosis of SCC. Conclusions: Immuno-cyto-chemistry is still a valid option in selected cases where getting a biopsy is difficult. Our findings recommend the use of p40 immuno staining rather than p63 as a squamous cell marker.

Purine salvage–associated metabolites as biomarkers for early diagnosis of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma: a diagnostic model–based study

Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) remains an important health concern in developing countries. Patients with advanced ESCC have a poor prognosis and survival rate, and achieving early diagnosis remains a challenge. Metabolic biomarkers are gradually gaining attention as early diagnostic biomarkers. Hence, this multicenter study comprehensively evaluated metabolism dysregulation in ESCC through an integrated research strategy to identify key metabolite biomarkers of ESCC. First, the metabolic profiles were examined in tissue and serum samples from the discovery cohort (n = 162; ESCC patients, n = 81; healthy volunteers, n = 81), and ESCC tissue-induced metabolite alterations were observed in the serum. Afterward, RNA sequencing of tissue samples (n = 46) was performed, followed by an integrated analysis of metabolomics and transcriptomics. The potential biomarkers for ESCC were further identified by censoring gene-metabolite regulatory networks. The diagnostic value of the identified biomarkers was validated in a validation cohort (n = 220), and the biological function was verified. A total of 457 dysregulated metabolites were identified in the serum, of which 36 were induced by tumor tissues. The integrated analyses revealed significant alterations in the purine salvage pathway, wherein the abundance of hypoxanthine/xanthine exhibited a positive correlation with HPRT1 expression and tumor size. A diagnostic model was developed using two purine salvage–associated metabolites. This model could accurately discriminate patients with ESCC from normal individuals, with an area under the curve (AUC) (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.680–0.843) of 0.765 in the external cohort. Hypoxanthine and HPRT1 exerted a synergistic effect in terms of promoting ESCC progression. These findings are anticipated to provide valuable support in developing novel diagnostic approaches for early ESCC and enhance our comprehension of the metabolic mechanisms underlying this disease.

Exploring the Utilization of Imaging Modalities in the Diagnosis of Basal Cell Carcinoma: A Scoping Review.

Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is a common skin cancer that occurs due to various genetic and environmental factors. Diagnosis is made by a combination of clinical appearance, biopsy, imaging, and histopathological analysis. This review describes the current array of imaging modalities available to physicians to aid in the diagnosis of BCC. It is important to stay up-to-date with improvements in diagnostic screening, and knowledge of these options is instrumental in providing the best care to patients. Embase, Medline Industries, and PubMed were searched for articles within the past 10 years based on a search query that looked for imaging modalities used in the diagnosis and evaluation of a variety of dermatologic conditions. The search was further refined to focus on BCC and satisfy the inclusion/exclusion criteria determined by the authors. The research process was detailed in the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses diagram. Dermoscopy is a non-invasive in vivo microscopic technique used to evaluate skin lesions. Features of dermoscopy cannot be visualized with the naked eye, and studies found that dermoscopy increased diagnostic accuracy. Reflectance confocal microscopy (RCM) examines skin morphology, and recent studies found that 100% of patients with BCC had tumor-free margins when diagnosed with RCM. It allows for a one-stop-shop for diagnosis. Optical spectroscopy samples multiple sites without removing tissue. It helps detect subtle biophysical differences, allowing for earlier diagnosis. High-frequency ultrasound (HFUS) helps determine tumor size, structure, depth of invasionand spread. Studies found statistically significant positive correlations between depth of spread and HFUS readings. Optical coherence tomography takes cross-sectional images to analyze histopathology and morphology. It produces high-resolution images, confers slightly more accurate results than a biopsy, and expedites the treatment process through an earlier diagnosis without a biopsy.These results will advance the fields of dermatology and radiology as they describe unique uses for these imaging modalities. There are a variety of ways to use microscopy, and these techniques may be applied to many different lesions and help revolutionize the diagnosis and treatment of skin cancer and other lesions without the need for multiple, sometimes disfiguring surgical procedures. With the increase in diagnostic accuracy and decrease in diagnosis time, advanced imaging studies will become an integral part of dermatologic diagnosis and be included in future management and treatment plans, especially in the case of BCC.